ADVANCE FLYING ACADEMY
Aircraft Systems and Instruments – Notes
1. Aircraft Systems
Aircraft systems ensure the aircraft operates safely and efficiently.
A. Powerplant System (Engines)
- Provides thrust for flight
- Types: Piston engines, turboprops, turbojets, and turbofans
- Components: Fuel system, lubrication system, ignition system
B. Fuel System
- Stores and delivers fuel to engines
- Components: Fuel tanks, pumps, filters, control valves
- Ensures proper fuel distribution and balance
C. Electrical System
- Supplies power to avionics, lighting, and essential systems
- Power sources: Batteries, alternators, generators
- Voltage: 14V/28V DC (small aircraft), 115V AC (large aircraft)
D. Hydraulic System
- Powers flight controls, landing gear, brakes, and thrust reversers
- Uses high-pressure fluid for operation
E. Pneumatic System
- Used for pressurization, air conditioning, de-icing, and anti-icing
- Uses bleed air from engines or dedicated compressors
F. Flight Control System
- Primary controls: Ailerons, elevators, rudder
- Secondary controls: Flaps, slats, spoilers, trim tabs
- Can be manual, hydraulic, or fly-by-wire
G. Landing Gear System
- Supports the aircraft during takeoff, landing, and taxiing
- Components: Wheels, struts, brakes, retraction mechanisms
H. Ice and Rain Protection System
- Prevents ice buildup on wings, engines, and sensors
- Types: Pneumatic boots, heating elements, chemical anti-ice fluids
I. Pressurization and Environmental Control System
- Maintains cabin pressure and temperature at high altitudes
- Prevents hypoxia and ensures passenger comfort
2. Aircraft Instruments
Help pilots monitor and control the aircraft’s flight and performance.
A. Flight Instruments
- Airspeed Indicator (ASI): Shows aircraft speed in knots
- Attitude Indicator (AI): Displays aircraft’s pitch and bank angle
- Altimeter: Measures altitude above sea level
- Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI): Indicates climb or descent rate
- Heading Indicator (HI): Displays aircraft heading (direction)
- Turn Coordinator: Assists in coordinated turns
B. Engine and Performance Instruments
- Tachometer: Measures engine RPM (revolutions per minute)
- Manifold Pressure Gauge: Shows power output in inches of mercury
- Fuel Flow Indicator: Displays fuel consumption rate
- Oil Pressure and Temperature Gauges: Monitor engine health
C. Navigation Instruments
- Magnetic Compass: Basic directional reference
- VOR Indicator: Uses VHF radio signals for navigation
- GPS Display: Provides precise location and route guidance
- ILS (Instrument Landing System): Assists in landing approaches
D. Warning and Monitoring Systems
- Master Caution & Warning System: Alerts pilots of system failures
- Engine Fire Detection System: Detects and warns of engine fires
- Stall Warning System: Alerts of potential stall conditions
Would you like a more detailed explanation on any specific system or instrument?
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