ADVANCE FLYING ACADEMY
Aircraft systems are categorized into mechanical, electrical, and avionics, each containing multiple subsystems. Below is a breakdown of these subsystems, their functions, and interactions.
1. Mechanical Systems & Subsystems
Mechanical systems handle the movement, structure, and essential operations of an aircraft.
Key Mechanical Subsystems:
- Flight Control System Primary Controls: Ailerons, Elevators, Rudder Secondary Controls: Flaps, Slats, Spoilers, Trim Tabs Modern aircraft use Fly-by-Wire (FBW) systems.
- Landing Gear System Main & Nose Gear, Brakes, Shock Absorbers (Oleo Struts) Extension & Retraction Mechanisms (Hydraulic or Electric)
- Hydraulic System Provides power to flight controls, landing gear, and brakes Uses hydraulic pumps, reservoirs, valves, and actuators
- Pneumatic System Uses compressed air for de-icing, cabin pressure, and engine start Works with Bleed Air System (from engines or APU)
- Fuel System Includes fuel tanks, pumps, filters, and fuel distribution Works with Fuel Management System (FMS)
- Environmental Control System (ECS) Manages cabin temperature, humidity, and pressure Includes air conditioning, pressurization, and oxygen systems
2. Electrical Systems & Subsystems
Electrical systems provide power generation, distribution, and storage.
Key Electrical Subsystems:
- Power Generation System Alternators, Generators, and Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) Supplies AC/DC power for aircraft operations
- Electrical Distribution System Circuit Breakers, Bus Bars, Contactors, Relays Routes power to essential and non-essential loads
- Battery System Provides backup power for avionics, engine start, and emergency systems
- Ignition & Starter System Ignition Exciters, Spark Plugs, Starter Motors Powers up aircraft engines
- Lighting System Interior: Cabin, Cockpit, Emergency Lighting Exterior: Navigation, Landing, Anti-Collision, Taxi Lights
3. Avionics Systems & Subsystems
Avionics systems manage navigation, communication, monitoring, and automation.
Key Avionics Subsystems:
- Communication Systems VHF/UHF Radios, HF Communication, ACARS (Data Link)
- Navigation Systems GPS, Inertial Navigation System (INS), VOR, ILS, DME
- Autopilot & Flight Control System (AFCS) Manages aircraft stability, altitude, heading, and auto-throttle
- Flight Management System (FMS) Automates flight planning, fuel calculations, and navigation
- Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) Digital cockpit displays replacing analog instruments
- Weather Radar & Terrain Avoidance System Provides real-time weather and terrain mapping
- Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Prevents mid-air collisions by detecting nearby aircraft
System Interactions & Integration
Modern aircraft have highly integrated systems:
- Electrical & Hydraulic: Hydraulic actuators controlled electrically (Fly-by-Wire).
- Avionics & Electrical: Avionics depend on electrical power and backup battery systems.
- Mechanical & Avionics: Sensors provide real-time feedback for automatic adjustments.
Would you like details on specific subsystems, maintenance, or troubleshooting techniques?
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